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面对气候变化的严峻形势，全球能源转型日新月异。根据国际能源署（IEA）报告《2024东南亚能源展望》（Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2024），得益于人口加快增长、工业化加速进程等因素，东南亚地区能源需求增长强劲。但同时，该地区用能长期依赖化石能源，自2010年以来，以煤炭为首的化石燃料满足了东南亚地区接近80%的能源需求。尽管多国已设置自己的净零排放目标，转型进程仍面临着不小的困难。
以印度尼西亚为例，该国已成为东南亚能源转型中心，为2060年实现净零排放目标创造了有利条件。但到目前，印尼能源结构依然以煤炭（40.46%）、石油（30.18%）、天然气（16.28%）为主，清洁能源仅占比约13.09%。当地发展清洁能源的需求迫切，并将加强国际合作视为推动转型的关键。近年来，中国和印尼在绿色能源领域合作不断深化，特别是在可再生能源和绿色基础设施建设方面取得了不少成果，值得关注。
近期，能联社与来自印尼能源主管部门、科研院所的相关人士展开了对谈，深入了解当地能源转型的成果、进程、挑战及未来需求、展望，希望可为东南亚乃至更多亚洲国家之间开展合作提供有益参考，共同助力亚洲的能源转型。
本期推出系统文章之一，以飨读者。
As part of its ambitious strategy to combat climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions,Indonesia is making strides in transitioning from coal to renewable energy. To gain deeper insights into this transition, we spoke with Hari Wibawa, Deputy Head of the Economy and Natural Resources Department at the Regional Planning Agency of South Sumatera. Wibawa shared valuable perspectives on Indonesia’s renewable energy development, its coal phase-out strategy, and its broader energy transition goals.
在应对气候变化和减少温室气体排放方面，印尼目前已表现出了勃勃雄心，作为战略的一部分，其在从煤炭依赖转向可再生能源使用方面取得了一定的进展。为了深入了解其转型进程，我们与南苏门答腊地区规划机构经济与自然资源部副主任Hari Wibawa展开了一次深度交流。Wibawa分享了自己对印尼可再生能源发展的看法，以及对印尼退煤、乃至更广泛能源转型目标的思考与建议。
Renewable Energy Development:
Progress and Challenges
可再生能源推广的进展与挑战
With an estimated renewable energy potential of 3,692 gigawatts (GW), Indonesia has vast untapped resources, particularly in solar (2,898 GW), offshore wind (589 GW), and geothermal energy (23.4 GW). However, despite this potential, Indonesia has only installed 10.5 GW of renewable capacity—a mere 0.3% of its total potential.
印尼可再生能源资源潜力巨大，估计体量约为3,692GW。当地拥有可观的未开发资源，尤其是在太阳能（2,898 GW）、海上风能（589 GW）和地热能（23.4 GW）方面。然而，尽管其具有这样的潜力，截至目前仅安装了合计约10.5 GW的可再生能源装机容量，仅占总潜力的0.3%左右。
Wibawa acknowledged that although progress has been slower than expected, notable projects are underway. For example, the Cirata Solar Power Plant, one of Southeast Asia’s largest, has a capacity of 192 megawatts peak (MWp), covering 200 hectares and with 340,000 solar panels. It generates enough electricity to power around 50,000 homes. Similarly, a 55 MW geothermal plant in South Sumatra, developed by PT Pertamina Geothermal Energy Tbk, highlights the country's efforts to utilize its geothermal resources.
不过Wibawa认为，尽管实际进展要慢于预期，当地仍有一些项目值得关注。例如，作为东南亚最大项目之一的奇拉塔漂浮光伏电站，占地约200公顷，配备了34万个太阳能电池板，发电量为145MWac（192MWp）。该电站产生的电力足以供给约50,000户家庭使用。类似地，由印尼国有公司PT Pertamina Geothermal Energy Tbk开发的南苏门答腊55兆瓦地热电站，彰显了当地利用地热资源所付诸的努力。
The Indonesian government has committed to a bold energy transition, aiming for a 23% renewable energy share in its energy mix by 2025, increasing to 31% by 2050. Furthermore, Indonesia has pledged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 31.89% by 2030 compared to a business-as-usual scenario, with the possibility of a 43.20% reduction if international support, including technology and finance, is included.
当前，印尼政府已承诺了大胆的能源转型目标，计划到2025年，可再生能源占能源结构的比例达到23%，到2050年进一步将该比例提高至31%。此外，印尼政府还承诺，到2030年将温室气体排放量相较于“照常发展”情景减少31.89%。如能得到国际支持（包括技术和金融支持），减排幅度有望达到43.20%。
Government Policies Driving the Transition
推动能源转型的政策支撑
To drive the energy transition, particularly the development of renewable energy, strong policy support is essential. As Wibawa explained, the Indonesian government has introduced key policies to support renewable energy. Fiscal incentives, streamlined licensing, and guaranteed purchase prices for renewable electricity aim to encourage investment. Presidential Regulation No. 4 of 2016 has boosted electricity infrastructure development, while the Energy Conservation Regulation promotes efficiency and sustainability across industries.
为了真正推动能源转型，特别是可再生能源的进一步发展，强有力的政策支持至关重要。正如Wibawa所言，印尼政府已出台了一系列重要政策，以此支持可再生能源的发展。比如，财政激励、简化的行政程序以及对可再生电力的购电价格保障，均是旨在鼓励和支持投资。再如，2016年第4号总统令促进了电力基础设施的发展，能源节约法规则推动了各行业的效率提升及可持续性。
Coal still dominates Indonesia’s energy mix at 40.46% in 2023, though this share is steadily declining. Meanwhile, renewable energy’s contribution has grown, reaching 13.09% in 2023.
Wibawa noted that renewable energy projects are already reducing coal dependence, cutting fuel costs, and improving air quality. In 2023 alone, renewable energy use helped avoid 733.2 million tons of CO₂ emissions, continuing an upward trend since 2014.
目前，尽管煤炭在印尼一次能源结构中的比重仍占到40.46%（2023年数据），这一比例已经实现了下降。与此同时，可再生能源带来的贡献也在增长，2023年占比已达到13.09%。
Wibawa指出，可再生能源项目已在减少煤炭依赖、降低燃料成本和改善空气质量等多个方面发挥了作用。仅在2023年，使用可再生能源就帮助减少了7.332亿吨二氧化碳排放。
A Bright Future for Renewable Energy
可再生能源发展前景可期
Looking ahead, Wibawa is optimistic about Indonesia’s renewable energy prospects. The country currently holds 40% of the world’s geothermal energy potential and, with proper management, could be one of the top 10 geothermal energy producers globally.
展望未来，Wibawa对印尼的可再生能源前景充满信心。他表示，印尼目前拥有全球约40%的地热能源潜力，若得到妥善开发利用，未来有望成为全球前十大地热能源生产国之一。
The government’s Energy Supply Business Plan (RUPTL) outlines the steps to achieve a 23% renewable energy share by 2025, aligning with Indonesia’s broader climate goals, including a 29% emissions reduction by 2030.
此外，政府的能源供应商业计划（RUPTL）已制定了实现2025年可再生能源占比23%的步骤，还包括到2030年减排29%的目标等。这些内容，与印尼更广泛的气候目标同样一致。
International partnerships, particularly with China, are also playing a critical role. At the 2024 Indonesia-China Business Forum, Indonesia signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) between Indonesia’s state-owned electricity companyPLN ,and Chinese companies such as SDIC Power Holdings.,this partnership aims to advance digital transformation in Indonesia’s electricity sector and accelerate the energy transition. Wibawa expressed hope that more future cooperation would extend to developing green industrial zones, integrating renewable energy generation, and enhancing local human expertise through educational exchanges and technical training.
Wibawa还特别提到，在推进转型的过程中，国际合作，特别是与中国的合作，将发挥着关键作用。比如在2024年中国-印尼商业论坛上，印尼国有电力公司PLN与国家电投等中国公司签署了备忘录（MOU），该合作关系旨在通过合作推动印尼电力部门的数字化转型及能源转型。Wibawa表示，十分期待未来与中国有更多合作，进一步扩展到绿色工业园区开发、可再生能源电力项目，并通过教育交流、技术培训等方式提升当地人员素质与能力。
In summary, Indonesia’s energy transition is still in its early stages, but significant progress is evident. With abundant natural resources, strong government support, and international collaboration, Indonesia is well-positioned to reduce its reliance on coal and expand its clean energy share. As the country moves toward its 2030 emission targets and a net-zero future by 2060, Indonesia is shaping up to be a key player in the global renewable energy landscape.
总体而言，印尼能源转型仍处于初期阶段，但已有进展。凭借丰富的能源资源、有力的政府支持及国际合作，印尼未来有望减少对煤炭的依赖，并扩大清洁能源使用比例。随着该国向2030年减排目标和2060年实现净零排放迈进，未来有望成为全球可再生能源领域的重要参与者。
